TVismylife

Jour 4700 Fall 09 Review for Test II

Zettl Chapter 10,11,12,19,20 and 7.2
Weynand Lessons 1-5
Lecture material and handouts

Know about the two general kinds of recording—tape based and tapeless
Difference between analog and digital recording
• Analog—records the continually fluctuating audio and video signals as created and processed by the camera or the microphone onto the videotape. Lots of different formats. Tape based.
• Digital—samples the signal and change it into digital code. 0’s and 1’s. Doesn’t record the signals but samples the signals and records as computer data or bits. Can be tape or tapeless. Doesn’t deteriorate after repeated dubs or copies, also known as generations.
Difference between linear and nonlinear editing
• Linear—all tape-based systems are linear. Record shots serially
• Nonlinear—all disk-based and tapeless systems are nonlinear. Allows random access.
What is compression?
o the less compression the better the image quality, but harder to transmit because of large bandwidth.
o Refers to the rearrangement or elimination of redundant picture information for more efficient storage and signal transport.
o Lossless vs. lossy compression
Computer file formats used in editing:
o JPEG generally used for still images
o MPEG2 or 4—for moving images. Looks for redundancies from shot to shot.
o Editing systems use their own systems to edit and then convert to a commonly used format. For FCP it uses QuickTime Movie format.
o AIFF for audio in FCP
Describe the 4 tracks on analog tape.
How many tracks are used in digital non-linear editing?
What do the shuttle and jog operational controls do?
Major Formats
Analog:
o VHS (1/2 inch) low to fair quality, with rapid deterioration after first generation. Consumer use only
o Hi8 (8mm) Sharp images. Good quality for first generation
o S-VHS 1/2 inch – Very good quality. Will hold up for 3 or 4 generations.
o Betacam SP 1/2 inch – Superior quality. Will hold up for multiple generations. Still used in some broadcast operations.

Digital:
o DV 1/4 in miniDV—Good digital quality
o DVCAM 1/4 inch – Excellent quality
o DVCPRO 1/4 inch—Excellent quality. Panasonic’s version
o Betacam SX—1/2 inch Superior quality
o HDV—1/4 inch –Excellent quality with HDTV resolution
o HDTV—1/4 inch—Superior quality. High resolution and color
What is a tape leader? What is found there?
Why do we edit? 4 reasons
What are 2 modes of linear analog editing and when would each be used
Assemble (breaks control track) and Insert (preserves control track)
What do we mean by single source linear editing?
Know these terms:
• Control track
• Time code
• Assemble editing vs. insert editing (in linear)
What are cutaways? What are reactions shots? Why does an editor need them?
Shooting in the field
You need to know the basics of shooting in the field—see getting started with PD150 handout
How to adjust iris
How to color balance
What does it mean if your camera is flashing ND?
How do you calibrate your focus?
***Know how to obey the 180 rule in the field or how do avoid crossing the axis of action.
***Know how to manipulate depth of field in the field (shallow vs. great)
Know 3 vectors and screen forces
Know screen motion. Lateral vs. z-axis
What is the z-axis?

Final Cut Pro from Weynand

Know and be able to label the six main parts of the FCP interface
Know what these tools do from the tool palette:
• Selection Tool
• Razor Blade
• Magnifying Glass
• Ripple Tool
How do we bring up a contextual or shortcut menu in FCP (w/ one click mouse)?
Know the icons for: sequence, clip, audio file, bin
What is the playhead?
What do we mean by scrubbing?
What do the arrow keys do for you if you are in the Timeline?
How do you know if you are on the last frame of a clip before an edit point?
What does it mean if you see a vertical blue bar when viewing a sequence in the canvas?
What does it mean if you see a film strip overlay while viewing a clip in the viewer?
What is the difference between overwrite and insert edits in FCP?
What are 2 ways to make an overwrite edit? 2 ways to make an insert edit?
How do we undo an edit?
What is the snapping tool? What is the linking tool?
What is 3-point editing?
What is ripple delete vs. lift delete?
How do we adjust audio levels on the audio track?
What is a gap? How can we find out if we have any gaps in the Timeline (Shift G)
How do we get rid of a gap? (Select it and delete it, or just hit Ctrl G)

Lighting
Zettl Ch 10 and 11
Why is lighting important?
• It provides enough light so the subject is visible.
• It provides enough light so the camera can produce technically acceptable pictures
• It clarifies certain aspects about the subject and shows it in relation to other objects
• It creates a mood or establishes an atmosphere, or to flatters the subjects, can add production values, pizazz
3 CHARACTERISTICS—Quality, Color Temperature, Intensity
1. Quality—how hard or soft the light is
2. Color temperature—color variations (reddishness or bluishness) within different kinds of white light.
How do you control color temperature?
3. Intensity—how bright the light is. Measured in foot-candles (US) or lux (rest of the world)
How can we control intensity? What is the inverse square rule.

INSTRUMENTS
1. Spotlights—produce hard light–directional, well-defined light. Beam can be adjusted from a focused spot to a more widely flooded area. Studio spotlights have a lens that focuses the beam.
o Fresnel
o Ellipsoidal
2. Floodlights—produce great amounts of highly diffused light. Used for fill or for baselight. Virtually shadowless.
3 common kinds: p.135-136
o Scoops
o Softlights and Broads
o Fluorescents—not as hot, cheaper to use
TECHNIQUES
1. 3-point lighting – usually at 45 degree angles.
o Key light – principal source of directional illumination. Reveals shape of object—will produce some shadows usually.
o Back light—produces light from above and behind the subject to separate it from the background.
o Fill light—provides generally diffused light to fill in the shadows. Can be directional or hard light if it is filling small area. Usually diffused or soft light.
o Balancing 3 lights—ratios vary depending on what you are trying to achieve.
o You may need to add a background light or set light.
2. Flat lighting—optimal visibility and minimum of shadows. For large news sets or demonstration areas or government meetings.
Other terms to know:
Fast Falloff vs. Slow Falloff
Barn doors
Background light – can light the background if too dark
Incident vs. Reflected light – 2 ways a light meter can read light. When would you use each?

Basic Image Creation (at the site of the viewer’s TV)
NTSC 525 lines interlaced 60 fields or 30 frames/sec
ATSC many formats 480p 720p 1080i
Progressive vs. Interlaced scanning

EFP terms to know:
• SNG – satellite news gathering
• ENG – electronic news gathering
• EFP – electronic field production
• VO
• VO/SOT
• Live truck
• Anchor lead-in
• Tag
• B-roll
• Black hole
• Flash frame
• Hard out
• Hot roll
• IFB
• Insert package/Donut
• MOS
• Nat
• Pkg (package
• Shot
• Shooter
• Slug
• Snow – static or “hash” usually seen with one loses a signal.
• Stand-up
• Sig out